Cesare e Lucrezia Borgia negli archivi e nelle biblioteche italiane. Alcune riflessioni

Català: Inventari i tipologia de fons d'arxius i biblioteques italians que contenen materials per a formar un corpus documental sobre Cèsar i Lucrècia Borja. English: Inventory and typology of Italian archives and libraries containing material in order to build a documentary corpus about Caesar and Lucrezia Borgia. Italiano: Inventario e tipologia di fonti d'archivi e biblioteche italiane che conservano materiale per formare un corpus documentale su Cesare e Lucrezia Borgia

Accurate energies of hydrogen bonded nucleic acid base pairs and triplets in tRNA tertiary interactions

Tertiary interactions are crucial in maintaining the tRNA structure and functionality. We used a combined sequence analysis and quantum mechanics approach to calculate accurate energies of the most frequent tRNA tertiary base pairing interactions. Our analysis indicates that six out of the nine classical tertiary interactions are held in place mainly by H-bonds between the bases. In the remaining three cases other effects have to be considered. Tertiary base pairing interaction energies range from −8 to −38 kcal/mol in yeast tRNA(Phe) and are estimated to contribute roughly 25% of the overall tRNA base pairing interaction energy. Six analyzed posttranslational chemical modifications were shown to have minor effect on the geometry of the tertiary interactions. Modifications that introduce a positive charge strongly stabilize the corresponding tertiary interactions. Non-additive effects contribute to the stability of base triplets

Characterization of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Serratia marcescens Isolated from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system has been attracting increasing scientific interest for biological functions and biotechnological applications. Data on the Serratia marcescens system are scarce. Here, we report a comprehensive characterisation of CRISPR-Cas systems identified in S. marcescens strains isolated as secondary symbionts of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, also known as Red Palm Weevil (RPW), one of the most invasive pests of major cultivated palms. Whole genome sequencing was performed on four strains (S1, S5, S8, and S13), which were isolated from the reproductive apparatus of RPWs. Subtypes I-F and I-E were harboured by S5 and S8, respectively. No CRISPR-Cas system was detected in Si or S13. Two CRISPR arrays (4 and 51 spacers) were detected in S5 and three arrays (11, 31, and 30 spacers) were detected in S8. The CRISPR-Cas systems were located in the genomic region spanning from ybhR to phnP, as if this were the only region where CRISPR-Cas loci were acquired. This was confirmed by analyzing the S. marcescens complete genomes available in the NCBI database. This region defines a genomic hotspot for horizontally acquired genes and/or CRISPR-Cas systems. This study also supplies the first identification of subtype I-E in S. marcescens

Anima forma corporis: The Nature of the Human Soul and Its Relation to the Body in the Works of Thomas Aquinas

Anima forma corporis: This motto, which was formulated in the 14th century in the Council of Vienne, resumes the doctrine of the soul as the form of the human body. One of the most important proponents of this belief was Thomas Aquinas, who reformulated the question of the soul and the body in a revolutionary way. Along with Aquinas, our work will present the nature of the human soul and its paradoxical relationship to the human body: on the one hand, Aquinas speaks of the soul as an immortal substance that has an existence independent of the body, but on the other hand, in the wake of Aristotelian hylomorphism, he presents the human soul as the form of the human body that forms a natural unity with the corruptible body. How are we to relate to this dualism of perspectives that Aquinas introduces into medieval thought? The aim of our paper will be to discuss how Aquinas addresses the soul, which is considered to be the defining part of the human being, while also drawing attention to the tension that undoubtedly arises within the relationship between soul and body - how can the necessary unity of soul and body be valid if the soul is imperishable? Is this an aporia and a mere inconsistency on the part of the author, or can the soul really form the body and yet retain the status of substance...Anima forma corporis: Pod tímto heslem, které bylo zformulováno ve 14. století v rámci Viennského koncilu, se skrývá nauka o duši jakožto o formě lidského těla. Jedním z nejvýznamnějších zastánců tohoto učení byl Tomáš Akvinský, který přináší do otázky duše a těla revoluční perspektivu. Spolu s Akvinským si v naší práci představíme povahu lidské duše a její paradoxní vztah k lidskému tělu - na jedné straně Akvinský hovoří o duši jakožto nesmrtelné substanci, jež má existenci nezávislou na těle, na straně druhé však představuje s pomocí aristotelského hylémorfismu lidskou duši jako formu lidského těla, která s porušitelným tělem tvoří přirozenou jednotu. Jak se máme postavit k tomuto dualismu perspektiv, který Akvinský vnáší do středověkého myšlení? Cílem naší práce bude pojednat o tom, jak Akvinský rozmlouvá o duši, jež je považována za definiční část lidské bytosti, a zároveň upozornit na tensi, která v rámci vztahu duše a těla nepochybně nastává - jak může platit nutná jednota duše a těla, když je duše nepomíjivá? Jedná se o aporii a pouhou nedůslednost autora, nebo skutečně může duše formovat tělo, a přitom si zachovat status substance oddělené od látky? Klíčová slova: Tomáš Akvinský; duše; tělo; jednota; hylémorfismus; forma; látka; lidská přirozenost; substanceÚstav filosofie a religionistikyInstitute of Philosophy and Religious StudiesFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Vegetation type determines spore deposition within a forest–agricultural mosaic landscape

Predicting fungal community assembly is partly limited by our understanding of the factors driving the composition of deposited spores. We studied the relative contribution of vegetation, geographical distance, seasonality and weather to fungal spore deposition across three vegetation types. Active and passive spore traps were established in agricultural fields, deciduous forests and coniferous forests across a geographic gradient of ∼600 km. Active traps captured the spore community suspended in air, reflecting the potential deposition, whereas passive traps reflected realized deposition. Fungal species were identified by metabarcoding of the ITS2 region. The composition of spore communities captured by passive traps differed more between vegetation types than across regions separated by >100 km, indicating that vegetation type was the strongest driver of composition of deposited spores. By contrast, vegetation contributed less to potential deposition, which followed a seasonal pattern. Within the same site, the spore communities captured by active traps differed from those captured by passive traps. Realized deposition tended to be dominated by spores of species related to vegetation. Temperature was negatively correlated with the fungal species richness of both potential and realized deposition. Our results indicate that vegetation may be able to maintain similar fungal communities across distances, and likely be the driving factor of fungal spore deposition at landscape level

Checkpoint effects and telomere amplification during DNA re-replication in fission yeast

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although much is known about molecular mechanisms that prevent re-initiation of DNA replication on newly replicated DNA during a single cell cycle, knowledge is sparse regarding the regions that are most susceptible to re-replication when those mechanisms are bypassed and regarding the extents to which checkpoint pathways modulate re-replication. We used microarrays to learn more about these issues in wild-type and checkpoint-mutant cells of the fission yeast, <it>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that over-expressing a non-phosphorylatable form of the replication-initiation protein, Cdc18 (known as Cdc6 in other eukaryotes), drove re-replication of DNA sequences genome-wide, rather than forcing high level amplification of just a few sequences. Moderate variations in extents of re-replication generated regions spanning hundreds of kilobases that were amplified (or not) ~2-fold more (or less) than average. However, these regions showed little correlation with replication origins used during S phase. The extents and locations of amplified regions in cells deleted for the checkpoint genes encoding Rad3 (ortholog of human ATR and budding yeast Mec1) and Cds1 (ortholog of human Chk2 and budding yeast Rad53) were similar to those in wild-type cells. Relatively minor but distinct effects, including increased re-replication of heterochromatic regions, were found specifically in cells lacking Rad3. These might be due to Cds1-independent roles for Rad3 in regulating re-replication and/or due to the fact that cells lacking Rad3 continued to divide during re-replication, unlike wild-type cells or cells lacking Cds1. In both wild-type and checkpoint-mutant cells, regions near telomeres were particularly susceptible to re-replication. Highly re-replicated telomere-proximal regions (50–100 kb) were, in each case, followed by some of the least re-replicated DNA in the genome.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The origins used, and the extent of replication fork progression, during re-replication are largely independent of the replication and DNA-damage checkpoint pathways mediated by Cds1 and Rad3. The fission yeast pattern of telomere-proximal amplification adjacent to a region of under-replication has also been seen in the distantly-related budding yeast, which suggests that subtelomeric sequences may be a promising place to look for DNA re-replication in other organisms.</p

Turismo cultural y rutas históricas. El Camino de San Pedro de Jerusalén a Roma

This paper focuses on cultural itineraries as a new category of heritage, a specific product for the promotion of cultural tourism in inland regions and a tool for defending small settlements from depopulation. The study describes the main characteristics of cultural itineraries, considering the factors that influence their creation and the strategies to adopt in order for them to realistically have a future and generate sustainable tourism in the regions through which the routes pass. In order for a cultural itinerary to be successful it is clearly indispensable to highlight the meaning of the ancient road but it is also necessary to identify the importance that it has today and can have in the future. Following the path taken by St Peter the Apostle towards Rome, this paper reconstructs stretches of that ancient itinerary, which has been historically and geographically documented. It proposes to highlight the value of a journey that undoubtedly appeals to those who are full of intellectual enthusiasm but appears to have little relevance for the faithful. Indeed, the latter have always been primarily interested in the journey's final destination, i.e. the great devotional route inside the Eternal City. Conferring importance on the Way of St Peter from Jerusalem to Rome would certainly help promote the inland areas of southern Italy that conserve traces of the saint's presence. However, it would also perhaps succeed in restoring pride and confidence in this important ancient cultural presence to the Mare Nostrum and in recognising the Way's key role in initiating intercultural dialogue and cooperation between Europe and the Mediterranean countries